There are a range of possible mechanisms described that enables the microbiome to interact with known signaling pathways that affect the host appetite control, but also with novel pathways where specific microbial metabolites can stimulate release of appetite regulating hormones and neurotransmitters
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Originally developed to treat diabetes, GLP-1 agonist medications, such as Wegovy, Ozempic, Mounjaro, and Zepbound, have evolved into one of the fastest-growing and most disruptive drug classes in modern healthcare
Current guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology and American Diabetes Association strongly endorse GLP-1 receptor agonists with proven cardiovascular benefit for patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Activation of these pathways promotes the key of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- ) and chemokines (CXC, CC, CX3C, and XC), exacerbating inflammations and tissue injury